November was a month of bad news for certain parts of the cryptocurrency universe.

The Department of the Treasury last week issued a fine totaling approximately $4.3 billion against Binance, a crypto exchange, among other penalties. The Securities and Exchange Commission previously charged Binance with operating as an unregistered securities exchange in June, and those allegations have not yet resolved.

According to the Department of Justice, Binance pleaded guilty to a wide range of laundering money, violating sanctions and transmitting unlicensed money as part of its settlement.

That was just one day after the SEC, on November 20, charged Kraken, a crypto exchange, for operating as an unregistered securities exchange and only weeks since a federal jury in New York found former crypto-king Sam Bankman-Fried guilty on seven criminal counts of fraud and conspiracy after a five-week trial and only a few hours of deliberation. Bankman-Fried was a high-profile cryptocurrency entrepreneur and co-founder and former CEO of the now-bankrupt crypto exchange FTX, as well as the crypto trading company Alameda Research.

The enforcement activity comes despite growing excitement that spot bitcoin exchange-traded funds may soon win regulatory approval. It also comes as SEC Chair Gary Gensler continues to call cryptocurrencies a “highly speculative asset class” and assert that the crypto industry as a whole is “rife with fraud and scams and hucksters,” as he did at a July hearing hosted by the Financial Services and General Government Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Appropriations.

The fines against Binance break down into two parts: one for about $3.4 billion, issued by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network for money-laundering violations; and another for $969 million, issued by the Office of Foreign Asset Control, for more than 1.5 million individual violations of U.S. sanctions policy.

According to the settlement reached with OFAC, though Binance was fined $968 million, the maximum statutory penalty for its alleged sanctions-related offenses was actually $592 billion. The OFAC found that Binance’s violations “were egregious and were not voluntarily self-disclosed.” These violations took place from August 2017 through October 2022.

Most of the trading volume, or about $600 million, involved transactions with Iranian persons. The rest of the volume included persons in Syria, North Korea, Cuba and Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine, including Crimea.

The OFAC found that Binance encouraged U.S. users to use virtual private networks, or to provide foreign passports if they were multinationals, as a way to maintain appearances of compliance. This practice, according to the OFAC, was endorsed and pushed by their then-chief compliance officer.

According to FinCen’s order, the CCO wrote once to another employee at Binance: “We try to ask our US users to use VPN / or ask them to provide (if [they] are an entity) non-US documents / On the surface we cannot be seen to have US users but in reality, we should get them through other creative means.”

Binance consented to the appointment of an independent compliance monitor from the OFAC for five years. The Department of the Treasury also imposed a $150 million suspended fine against Binance that will be levied if Binance does not comply with Treasury’s compliance program.

The Treasury Department wrote in a release that “Binance was required to report suspicious transactions to FinCEN through suspicious activity reports (SARs). FinCEN’s investigation revealed that Binance’s former Chief Compliance Officer told personnel that the CEO’s policy was to not report such activity, and Binance never filed a single SAR with FinCEN. Binance willfully failed to report well over 100,000 suspicious transactions that it processed as a result of its deficient controls, including transactions involving terrorist organizations, ransomware, child sexual exploitation material, frauds, and scams.”

The OFAC noted in its order that one Binance employee noted in business communications that effectively blocking IPs for high-risk jurisdictions would be necessary to work with institutional and other large investors.

The charges against Kraken prompted Wagner Law Group partner Kimberly Shaw Elliott to caution fiduciaries about the risks of crypto assets, given their compliance issues:

“The SEC’s new enforcement activity should be a clear warning to not only unregistered crypto providers and the advisers who recommend crypto investments, but also to retirement plan fiduciaries who approve those investments,” she wrote. “Is it prudent to place faith in the seller or holder of crypto who does not go through the rigors of registration?”

On the Binance record-breaking fine, Marcia Wagner, the founder and managing partner of Wagner Law Group, says “I do not believe that the amount of the fine per se will have an effect upon a plan fiduciary’s decision whether to include or possibly remove or reduce the level of crypto assets in some form on its investment platform, but the fact of the SEC action against Binance, as well as other recent events such as the fraudulent activities of FTX, would clearly be a factor a plan fiduciary would need to take into account as part of its due diligence in determining the prudence of such an investment.”

She added that, “since the Department of Labor guidance regarding cryptocurrency, in my experience, clients have not shown an interest in including crypto assets on their investment platform, if for no other reason than the litigation risk if a crypto asset fund on a plan’s investment platform went sideways.  That litigation risk is now obviously heightened.”

Tags: Binance, Cryptocurrency, Department of Justice, FTX, Gary Gensler, Kimberly Shaw Elliott, Kraken, Marcia Wagner, Sam Bankman-Fried, Securities and Exchange Commission, The Wagner Law Group